Little's law: A very short introduction

In a firm managers have greater responsibility, he/she have to control everything coming under her/his responsibility. In a system there are certain number of people who works in that system along with it there would be a flow people in and out of the system. And some may spend in the system until their work get done. Manager should keep these things under control.
Business managers usually uses a formula to control the flow of customers into and out of their system which was first proposed by American operations research professor John Dutton Little. After his name this formula is known as Little’s formula. This formula has a specific rule which states that the average number of people in a system is equal to the average rate at which people enter into the system multiplied by the average time that an individual spends within it .

L=λW

where, L=average number of peoples in the system , λ= rate at which average customers arriving, W= average waiting time for a customer
In operations management field this formula is quite popular and known as Little’s law. This law helps managers to estimate average waiting time a customer will likely experience before receiving a service.

The only requirements are that the system be stable and non-preemptive

References: wkipedia, MIT

Boot Sector

Booting is a process of loading Operating System(OS) to primary storage(usually Random Access Memory[RAM]), and readying a computer system for use. This process is carried out using a firmware which loads a small program from a special region in in hard disc,floppy disk, optical disc or other storage devices. This region is known as Boot Sector.

Boot sector is a first sector on a disk which contains boot record(a machine code) which is loaded into RAM by ROM(BIOS) firmware which in turn loads OS/start-up program into RAM to make the computer into a meaningful machine. There are mainly two types of boot sector:

• Master Boot Record(MBR): For partitioned storage device MBR is the first sector. Hard disk drives
• Volume Boot Record(VBR): For non-partitioned storage device VBR is the first sector. Floppy disk, USB flash drive.

BIOS does not know about MBR or VBR it simply looks for the first sector of the storage device. VBR which holds the code for booting invoked either directly by the BIOS or indirectly by MBR. In non-partitioned device there is only VBR which is the first sector. In partitioned device VBR is the first sector of an individual partition. The MBR, which understand the disk partitioning of the storage device, invokes the VBR of a partition (primary/active partition) which set to boot, loads OS or other start up program installed within that partition

Bit Stuffing

Bit stuffing is a widely used process in network and communication protocols as a part of transmission process, also used while sending arbitrary data over a communications channel with bandwidth limits (sometime known as run-length limited (RLL)coding).

In communication, to separate one frame from another frame delimiters are used. For most protocols the delimiter usually a sequence of 8-bit pattern are used. In the bit oriented protocol the frame contains sequence of bits representing data. On receiving these frame the layer in the receiver interpret the data part of the frame into usual form. Sometimes the data part are misinterpreted by receiver for delimiter because same pattern used for delimiter may occur in data part. To overcome this, a single bit is stuffed into the data part of the frame to distinguish the delimiter separately. On reaching, receiver remove he stuffed bit from the data part in the frame. For instance if the pattern used for delimiter is 01111110 and in the data part if five consecutive 1 followed by a zero occurred an extra 0 bit is stuffed after fifth 1 into data which is removed by receiver. For example if the data part of the frame contains the following sequence 101111110101, then 0 is stuffed into it after five consecutive 1s, 1011111010101
Bit stuffing, technique is useful when communication protocol requires fixed frame size.

Bit stuffing used in run-length limited(RLL) coding, in which occurrence of same consecutive bits(on reaching allowed numbers) are limited by stuffing opposite bits in specific interval. RLL is a method used in PC Hard Disk,Floppy,CD,DVD for storing data/information. RLL method helps the hard disk to store data more densely than other method such as MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation) and FM(Frequency Modulation).

3D matrix

In mathematics the concept of three dimension is considered with X–Y–Z matrix .Matrix, with X, Y and Z-axis denoting the width, height and the depth,respectively, is a three dimensional (3D)structure also known as a 3D matrix. This matrix has been utilized mostly in 3D, Computer Graphics and animation. In computer 3D matrix represent pixel data, provides a big advantage for easy manipulation of data and with help of a simple algorithms changes can be produced in the given pixel data of an image under operation .

Data Boomerang

A data boomerang happens when in-house IT staff are asked to manage a project, along with its data, that was previously deployed on the cloud. There are various reasons that this can happen: the original developers might have moved on to other projects, leaving IT staff to manage resources that used the cloud in testing and have been moved to production in the cloud. IT administrators are tasked with maintaining data that they thought would be hosted in the cloud permanently.

By analogy this term, data boomerang,is used with the term "boomerang generation" of, which, young adults moving back in with their parents.

Automatic redusing volume in Windows

In recent versions of Windows there are lot of features. These features are very user friendly and make your system very handy. But sometime very rarely it give you scrap on your back while you doing certain thing. Such one is that automatic volume reducing while playing music using any media player.

-->This is not happens while you are using headphone

This feature provided by Windows that automatically adjust the volume of different sounds when you are using your PC to place or receive telephone calls. So, when Windows detects activity like phone call or other circumstances that need to adjust your PC volume then it automatically adjust the volume of your PC/laptop.

To override these feature just right click on the volume adjust icon in the task bar and select and click on Sounds.

A window appear, select the tab Communications.

There, you just click on Do nothing option and click Apply then Ok. Thats all

Thank you

PageMaker: Masking

Masking means cover or frame the object/image with a shape, through which you can see the object. For this you require one image and a polygon shape. Now, follow below steps.

Open Adobe PageMaker and click File menu then New which opens the Document Setup window. Now, select PageSize as Letter and Orientation Wide. Check the image below to set the remaining fields.

Click Ok to proceed to next

Add the picture into the document you just created. You can select image through picture palette or by going to menu and select File->Place(or Ctrl+D) and select the picture you like and drag in your document [In this method when you select an image your mouse pointer will change then click drag your mouse pointer]
Click to learn the basics of PageMaker

Now select Polygon tool from the tool box and select Element from menu and click Polygon settings. In this window you can change the sides and radius of your polygon. Refer below image:

In Polygon settings window Number of Sides determines how many sides you need.Just give the number or slide the button between the left- right arrow mark or just click the left arrow mark to decrease or right arrow to increase the number of sides.
The Star inset let you change the desired inner diameter of your polygon.
When your setting are finished select the polygon tool and click and drag your mouse on the document to draw the polygon with your changes in effect. See the image below

Now, place the polygon you drew on the the image. For that you must select the polygon by clicking on its border using pointer(arrow) tool. On clicking it you can see small square dot around the polygon. Now you can move the polygon by clicking and holding on on polygon(not on dots). To change the size of polygon you must do the previous and click and drag only any dot mark on the corners of the polygon. To darken or increasing the thickness of the polygon border, click on Element menu and select Stroke and choose your desired thickness. After the getting the required things, select both image and polygon. To do that just hold the shift key and click on image and click on the border of the polygon.

Now click the menu item Element and select Mask. The image will be visible only through the polygon you just drawn or the Polygon act as frame or mask for the image. See image below:

To undo masking, while both image and polygon are selected, just go to menu Element then select Unmask.

PageMaker: Designing NewsPaper

A newspaper is a printed media published daily or weekely in a folded, unstapled format containing information about current events, along with covering various fields such as, business,sports, arts, politics, weather forecasts, etc. It also includes fields such as birthday, obituaries, advertisements, opinions etc.

Newspaper comes in different sizes(WxH) such as Broadsheet, Berliner and Tabloid.

Broadsheet

Which has the measure of 23.5" x 29.5" or 13.5" x 21.5"

Berliner

Dimension of this type is 12.4" x 18.5"

Tabloid

Which has the measure of 11.0" x 16.9"

Compact

Which has the measure of 10.5" x 13.5"

Almost all major newspapers in India are broadsheets. Tabloids are mostly found in small-circulation local or rural papers.

Let's get started by designing broadsheet size, 13.5" x 21.5", newspaper. Open Page maker and choose File from menu then New and fill the field in the Document set-up window

****Check the unit(mm,inch or cm) while filling the fields. If the set-up is in mm(millimeter) then dimension in inches must converted into mm(1 inch=25mm)

Now click OK. Now, you are in design area. Select the Layout menu and select Column Guides and give 4 in Number of column field and leave the Space between Column field as default.

Now, give your Newspaper a Title. For that, draw rectangle for title section and two rectangle on left and right side of rectangle of title see the image below.

By, using some dummy texts and images, just create some news for your newspaper. Check below image to see how

*** For arranging text in document draw/use rectangle tool and put the text in it. Here, in above image you can see the arrangement of rectangles.

After doing the above mentioned, the design would look like this.

To clear the all border of the rectangle drawn, select the rectangle using pointer tool and click Paper in the color palette. Do this for all rectangle to disappear border. Below image show the color palette window.(Click to see various window in Pagemaker)

Color Palette window
*** If your application does not show this window, select menu Window->Show Colours

Finalized design is shown below.

( Because of the size of the document/paper the smaller text does not show clearly.) Here, the design is only a generalized view of the News paper. Try your own, better design and share your experience.

Thank you