General Coding

Booting is a process of loading Operating System(OS) to primary storage(usually Random Access Memory[RAM]), and readying a computer system for use. This process is carried out using a firmware which loads a small program from a special region in in hard disc,floppy disk, optical disc or other storage devices. This region is known as Boot Sector. Boot sector is a first sector on a disk which contains boot record(a machine code) which is loaded into RAM by ROM(BIOS) firmware which in turn loads OS/start-up program into RAM to make the computer into a meaningful machine. There are mainly two types of boot sector: Master Boot Record(MBR): For partitioned storage device MBR is the first sector. Hard disk drives Volume Boot Record(VBR): For non-partitioned storage device VBR is the first sector. Floppy disk, USB flash drive. BIOS does not know about MBR or VBR it simply looks for the first sector of the storage device. VBR which holds the code for booting invoked either directly by ...

Bit stuffing is a widely used process in network and communication protocols as a part of transmission process, also used while sending arbitrary data over a communications channel with bandwidth limits (sometime known as run-length limited (RLL)coding). In communication, to separate one frame from another frame delimiters are used. For most protocols the delimiter usually a sequence of 8-bit pattern are used. In the bit oriented protocol the frame contains sequence of bits representing data. On receiving these frame the layer in the receiver interpret the data part of the frame into usual form. Sometimes the data part are misinterpreted by receiver for delimiter because same pattern used for delimiter may occur in data part. To overcome this, a single bit is stuffed into the data part of the frame to distinguish the delimiter separately. On reaching, receiver remove he stuffed bit from the data part in the frame. For instance if the pattern used for delimiter is 01111110 and in th...